ZULFIKAR Ali Bhutto waged a long and hard struggle against Ayub Khan’s dictatorship. In retrospect one might say that, left to his own devices, he too would have opted for one-man rule — that is, his own. As head of the government he suffered democratic institutions and processes to the extent that he did for want of an option. He wanted his writ to prevail not only at the centre but in all of the provinces, and to that end he got rid of the NAP-JUI governments in Balochistan and NWFP, imprisoned their leaders, and manipulated the remaining local politicians so as to form PPP governments in these provinces. He had little tolerance for opponents or dissidents. I can think of none among them who did not end up in prison. But intolerance of the opposition was not something that Mr Bhutto had invented. It had been the order of the day before him and it did not cease with his departure from the nation’s political scene. Going beyond Ziaul Haq’s military dictatorship, we see that Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif instituted bogus criminal cases against each other and imprisoned each other and associates during their respective tenures as prime minister. Following their return from periods of exile abroad in 2007, they admitted their past “mistake”, and promised never to persecute their opponents again. We cannot say what Benazir would have done with this promise, for she died in December 2007. After the elections on Feb 18, 2008 her party formed the government at the centre and in Sindh and entered ruling coalitions in Balochistan and the NWFP. PML-N put together a coalition, including some PPP notables, to form the government in Punjab with Mr Shahbaz Sharif at its head. True to its tradition, the PPP could not accept the fact that another party had come to dominate the government in Punjab. Party stalwarts , spurred on by Governor Salmaan Taseer, worked to dislodge it. Then the wheel of fortune turned in their favour: the Supreme Court found the Sharif brothers to be ineligible to hold public office. Consequently, Shahbaz Sharif ceased to be a member of the Punjab Assembly and chief minister. The normal procedure in this situation would have been for the governor to summon the provincial assembly to elect a new chief minister. Instead, governor’s rule was imposed on the province. Leaders of several political parties and many other observers have condemned Mr Taseer’s action as improper. Mr Nawaz Sharif has called it an unconstitutional and unlawful act and asked civil servants and policemen not to obey the resulting government’s orders. He has also called upon the people to come out on the streets to protest and agitate against the Zardari regime. The people in fair numbers are coming out and a mass movement appears to be taking shape. The governor on his part showed no signs of relenting. Within minutes of taking charge he replaced the chief secretary and the inspector general of police with officers of his choice, He locked the entrances to the provincial assembly to prevent members from meeting, and they along with the speaker, have been holding sessions outside on the building’s steps and adjoining grounds. Mr Zardari’s government seems to be assuming that the people marching on the streets will get tired in a few days and go home. This may or may not happen. Mass movements have come and gone but some of them have persisted until their ends were achieved: for instance the anti-Ayub movement (1967-69); Sheikh Mujibur Rehman’s autonomy movement in East Pakistan (1969-71); anti-Bhutto movement (1977); Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (went on for several years to oust Ziaul Haq but fizzled out before his death); and the anti-Musharraf movement (2007-08). Mr Taseer’s partisans told us that governor’s rule was a temporary expedient, and that the assembly would soon be called to elect a new chief minister. The intervening period would give the PPP managers time to do a bit of horse-trading and put together a majority in the assembly and form the next government. That may happen but it will not necessarily bring public tranquillity to Punjab. It will probably be said that the PPP has taken power through crooked manipulation, that it is an expression of Mr Zardari’s unbounded and unprincipled pursuit of power, and that it does not mean well for Pakistan. Professions of peace on the part of those who sponsor mass movements may be sincere. Our experience shows that when people in large numbers come out on the streets they will not remain content with chanting endearing slogans. Orators will use their way with words, highs and lows of voice and body language to arouse them and call them to action. They will then set private cars and buses on fire, break windows and plunder stores, clash with the police, kill and get killed. Supporters of the present government brand Nawaz Sharif’s protest movement as the politics of confrontation that is liable to strain the country’s fragile democracy beyond endurance. This is specious reasoning. People protesting on the streets are a part of the democratic tradition. They are a needed warning to rulers that they cannot get away with arbitrariness and usurpation of the citizen’s fundamental rights. There are times when it is beyond the government’s capability to meet the protesters’ demand. That is not the case in Pakistan at this time. Reinstatement of Iftikhar Chaudhry, the deposed chief justice of Pakistan, along with the related issue of judicial independence, is the principal objective of the lawyers’ movement and their intended long march. The same objective informs the PML-N’s plan for a protest movement. Mr Nawaz Sharif says he will call off his movement if Justice Chaudhry is reinstated. It is thus open to Mr Zardari’s government to reinstate the gentleman, send the protesters home and return our city streets to peace and tranquillity. It is possible that Mr Zardari’s personal pride and stubbornness are keeping his government from making this simple move to resolve the current crisis. If that is indeed the case, it is an awful shame that this government has chosen to keep the country in turmoil merely to appease a single individual’s ego, even if he be the president of Pakistan. The writer, professor emeritus at the University of Massachusetts, is a visiting professor at the Lahore School of Economics. |
| anwars@lahoreschool.edu.pk Source: http://epaper.dawn.com/artMailDisp.aspx?article=08_03_2009_006_017&typ=0 |
Sunday, March 8, 2009
Authoritarianism or Democracy?
Wednesday, March 4, 2009
A Series of Black Days
History of my country is filled with many black days, but the very recent ones have left me stunned, speechless and hopeless to some extent. The most recent black days are February 25, 2009 and March 03, 2009.
On Feb 25, a provincial assembly was holding its meeting and the governor of the province intervened by suspending the assembly on the orders of the head of the state. The point to be noted here is that the head of the state is co-chairman of a party which claims itself a custodian of democracy in Pakistan, projects itself as the largest party in Pakistan, preaches nothing but democracy, claims to have sacrificed for democracy more than once, and blah blah... The head of the state ignores the ongoing meeting of the provincial assembly, in which a new leader of the house was about to be selected, and orders the imposition of the Governor Rule in Punjab. The reason mentioned for this act was that the provincial government cannot be run constitutionally at this point in time. Which is not less than a joke, since the elected assembly was holding its meeting and the custodian of the house i.e. the Speaker had called for the next meeting as well. A few reasons for the imposition of the governor rule are obvious and a few are still hidden.One obvious reason is the wish of the PPP to rule the most populated province Punjab despite being a minority in the elected house as compared to the PML-N, i.e. approx. 29% seats as compared to the 46% of PML-N. By ruling Punjab, PPP can get (mis)use the resources of this province very effectively. The other reason is to sabotage the image of the PML-N and the Sharif Brothers by portraying them as the ppl responsible for the politics of agitation and the unrest in Punjab. Third and possibly the most important reason is to change the machinery of the Punjab Government so that the participants of the Long March can be dealt with. I am sure the PPP government will not hesitate to use the force against the peaceful and unarmed patriotic citizens of Pakistan. The hidden objectives of the governor rule cannot be identified so early, but the time will soon uncover the objectives. One thing I have noticed is the appointment of so many judges right after the imposition of the Governor rule. A recording by a DawnNews reporter clearly tells that these appointments are political.
A political process had started a little time ago, and a group of stubborn persons derailed the process. Institutions were getting stronger (the resolutions in the assemblies and the positive debates in the assemblies etc.) and the (elected) President exercised his (so called) right when there was no need to exercise it. It would have been better if the Governor had invited the PML-N the largest party in the Punjab Assembly to show the majority on the floor. The governor could also have invited the PPP+PML-Q to do the same if he thought that the PML-N has lost the majority now. But he didn't do that because, it was not the case :)
On March 03, 2009 our guests and the ambassadors of goodwill, the Sri Lankan cricket players were attacked. It was a moment of shock for me to hear that, and I was praying for the safety of all the Sri Lankan players. They are such a helping lot, so friendly and co-operative people that they visited us when the world was not ready to visit us due to the possible risk to their lives. Sri Lankan Cricket had always responded positively to our invitations. And an attack on these ambassadors left me in a mixed feeling of shame, regret, anger, shock and uncertainty. Sri Lankans had not even imagined that they'd be attacked. Neither did I ever imagined that any cricket player can be attacked in this way in Pakistan. Why did the Sri Lankans imagine that? Because there are no such attacks in past, which prompted them to believe that sportsmen are not the targets of the terrorists operating in Pakistan or Sri Lanka. Why did I believe that such an attack will not be carried out in Pakistan? Because I live here, I know the love for the sport in the hearts of Pakistanis. I know that the cricket is played and loved even in the northern and western parts of Pakistan. I know the trend of attacks in Pakistan, where South Asians are not usually attacked. I know the respect and love the Pakistanis have for the Sri Lankan cricketrs. Both crickets have very friendly relations. Whenever there is a defeat against Sri Lanka, I do not see any angry faces as I see them when India beats Pakistan. When Pakistanis love cricket, respect the Sri Lankans as a whole, then who can it be to attack the ties between the two countries? Who can benefit from this? Who wants to pollute the image of Pakistan? Lets see.
Can it be Pakistan itself???
No. Only fools will believe that. Pakistan is not irresponsible and stupid that it contaminate its own image and worsens its position in the world.
Can it be Taliban???
May be. But why would Taliban attack Sri Lanka? Sri Lanka was neutral in Afghan Wars. Sri Lanka is neutral in current 'War on Terror' against the Pukhtoons (Afghani and Pakistani) and Muslims. But lets not close this option because the Taliban might use this to destabilize Pakistan.
India???
Yes. Look at the potential benefits India can have from these attacks. India can single out Pakistan. India can further spoil Pakistan's image in the whole world. India can use this event to convince the world that Pakistan is a failed state. India can recommend the world to attack Pakistan and capture its nuclear assets, the biggest threat to the Indian at the moment. India can itself justify its attack on Pakistan for the same reason. India can further delay the dialogue with Pakistan on the outstanding issues like Kashmir and the dams on Pakistan's rivers. India can specifically point out to the Sri Lankans that even you should not visit Pakistan, because we are working on a plan to prove Pakistan the most dangerous place on the earth, and your visits are affecting our plan.
America??
May be. To destabilize Pakistan and pressurize it to work according to the American plan in Swat etc.
Can it be Tamil Tigers???
Yes, but do they have resources to do such an act in Pakistan? I believe, No. But we cann't be sure about that. Lets not close this option yet. If we believe that these were Tamil Tigers, then it becomes even more clear that India is involved. It is not a hidden thing who created n supported the Tamil Tigers (LTTE). Attacking through the LTTE is equivalent to killing two birds with one stone for India.
Whoever did that, the event was so evil and horrific that I am not out of the shock after three days of the event. I am still unable to believe that someone attacked the Sri Lankan cricketers in Pakistan, to be more specific in Lahore where you can see cricket even on roads and streets .
One interesting observation from my side is: After the Mumbai incidents last November, there was a sense of fear in the Indian people. On the other hand peace was returning to Pakistan for the last few days. India does not want peace and stability in any of its neighbours (Look at its influence on all its neighbours except China). So India had to strike and it did.
On Feb 25, a provincial assembly was holding its meeting and the governor of the province intervened by suspending the assembly on the orders of the head of the state. The point to be noted here is that the head of the state is co-chairman of a party which claims itself a custodian of democracy in Pakistan, projects itself as the largest party in Pakistan, preaches nothing but democracy, claims to have sacrificed for democracy more than once, and blah blah... The head of the state ignores the ongoing meeting of the provincial assembly, in which a new leader of the house was about to be selected, and orders the imposition of the Governor Rule in Punjab. The reason mentioned for this act was that the provincial government cannot be run constitutionally at this point in time. Which is not less than a joke, since the elected assembly was holding its meeting and the custodian of the house i.e. the Speaker had called for the next meeting as well. A few reasons for the imposition of the governor rule are obvious and a few are still hidden.One obvious reason is the wish of the PPP to rule the most populated province Punjab despite being a minority in the elected house as compared to the PML-N, i.e. approx. 29% seats as compared to the 46% of PML-N. By ruling Punjab, PPP can get (mis)use the resources of this province very effectively. The other reason is to sabotage the image of the PML-N and the Sharif Brothers by portraying them as the ppl responsible for the politics of agitation and the unrest in Punjab. Third and possibly the most important reason is to change the machinery of the Punjab Government so that the participants of the Long March can be dealt with. I am sure the PPP government will not hesitate to use the force against the peaceful and unarmed patriotic citizens of Pakistan. The hidden objectives of the governor rule cannot be identified so early, but the time will soon uncover the objectives. One thing I have noticed is the appointment of so many judges right after the imposition of the Governor rule. A recording by a DawnNews reporter clearly tells that these appointments are political.
A political process had started a little time ago, and a group of stubborn persons derailed the process. Institutions were getting stronger (the resolutions in the assemblies and the positive debates in the assemblies etc.) and the (elected) President exercised his (so called) right when there was no need to exercise it. It would have been better if the Governor had invited the PML-N the largest party in the Punjab Assembly to show the majority on the floor. The governor could also have invited the PPP+PML-Q to do the same if he thought that the PML-N has lost the majority now. But he didn't do that because, it was not the case :)
On March 03, 2009 our guests and the ambassadors of goodwill, the Sri Lankan cricket players were attacked. It was a moment of shock for me to hear that, and I was praying for the safety of all the Sri Lankan players. They are such a helping lot, so friendly and co-operative people that they visited us when the world was not ready to visit us due to the possible risk to their lives. Sri Lankan Cricket had always responded positively to our invitations. And an attack on these ambassadors left me in a mixed feeling of shame, regret, anger, shock and uncertainty. Sri Lankans had not even imagined that they'd be attacked. Neither did I ever imagined that any cricket player can be attacked in this way in Pakistan. Why did the Sri Lankans imagine that? Because there are no such attacks in past, which prompted them to believe that sportsmen are not the targets of the terrorists operating in Pakistan or Sri Lanka. Why did I believe that such an attack will not be carried out in Pakistan? Because I live here, I know the love for the sport in the hearts of Pakistanis. I know that the cricket is played and loved even in the northern and western parts of Pakistan. I know the trend of attacks in Pakistan, where South Asians are not usually attacked. I know the respect and love the Pakistanis have for the Sri Lankan cricketrs. Both crickets have very friendly relations. Whenever there is a defeat against Sri Lanka, I do not see any angry faces as I see them when India beats Pakistan. When Pakistanis love cricket, respect the Sri Lankans as a whole, then who can it be to attack the ties between the two countries? Who can benefit from this? Who wants to pollute the image of Pakistan? Lets see.
Can it be Pakistan itself???
No. Only fools will believe that. Pakistan is not irresponsible and stupid that it contaminate its own image and worsens its position in the world.
Can it be Taliban???
May be. But why would Taliban attack Sri Lanka? Sri Lanka was neutral in Afghan Wars. Sri Lanka is neutral in current 'War on Terror' against the Pukhtoons (Afghani and Pakistani) and Muslims. But lets not close this option because the Taliban might use this to destabilize Pakistan.
India???
Yes. Look at the potential benefits India can have from these attacks. India can single out Pakistan. India can further spoil Pakistan's image in the whole world. India can use this event to convince the world that Pakistan is a failed state. India can recommend the world to attack Pakistan and capture its nuclear assets, the biggest threat to the Indian at the moment. India can itself justify its attack on Pakistan for the same reason. India can further delay the dialogue with Pakistan on the outstanding issues like Kashmir and the dams on Pakistan's rivers. India can specifically point out to the Sri Lankans that even you should not visit Pakistan, because we are working on a plan to prove Pakistan the most dangerous place on the earth, and your visits are affecting our plan.
America??
May be. To destabilize Pakistan and pressurize it to work according to the American plan in Swat etc.
Can it be Tamil Tigers???
Yes, but do they have resources to do such an act in Pakistan? I believe, No. But we cann't be sure about that. Lets not close this option yet. If we believe that these were Tamil Tigers, then it becomes even more clear that India is involved. It is not a hidden thing who created n supported the Tamil Tigers (LTTE). Attacking through the LTTE is equivalent to killing two birds with one stone for India.
Whoever did that, the event was so evil and horrific that I am not out of the shock after three days of the event. I am still unable to believe that someone attacked the Sri Lankan cricketers in Pakistan, to be more specific in Lahore where you can see cricket even on roads and streets .
One interesting observation from my side is: After the Mumbai incidents last November, there was a sense of fear in the Indian people. On the other hand peace was returning to Pakistan for the last few days. India does not want peace and stability in any of its neighbours (Look at its influence on all its neighbours except China). So India had to strike and it did.
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